- Warrant: unspoken values a writer thinks he shares with his readers. These warrants are steeped in the discourse of their specific discourse community.
- Argument style: (evidence, reason, format, genre) comes from the discourse community.
- Knowledge: is made through discourse and creates multiliteracies of individual members to use.
- DuBois:
- Issue – the difficulties of black Americans thrive with their newfound freedoms/rights
- Audience – White Americans (especially those willing to listen)
- The Gap – All the nuances and intricacies of why black Americans aren’t thriving even though they now have the “freedom” to.
- Claim – Even though black Americans now have freedom they are yet unable to reach the “promised land”.